Long jump

The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength, and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. This event has been an Olympic medal event since the first modern Olympics in 1896 and has a history in the ancient Olympics.

Contents

Rules

At the elite level, competitors run down a runway (usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks, crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm/8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded. A layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official (similar to a referee) will also watch the jump and make the determination. The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line; however, the distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway.

Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 (depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility, so the event is equatable to track events) competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results. The competitor with the longest legal jump (from either the trial or final rounds) at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite (like the Olympics or World Championships) competition, a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, determined in advance by the meet management. A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. It is standard practice to allow at a minimum, one more competitor than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round, though 12 plus ties and automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors. (For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185[1]).

History

The long jump was one of the events of the pentathlon of the original Olympics in Ancient Greece. The long jump was the only known jumping event in these Ancient Olympic Games. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines.[2] After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern day event, athletes were only allowed a short running start.[2] The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum. It is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in mid-air to increase his forward momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his distance. The jump itself was made from the bater ("that which is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event (Miller, 66). The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area) (Miller, 66). The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention (Miller, 66). The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time. The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required. Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete.[2] Philostratos is quoted as saying, "The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions, and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the halter." (Miller, 67). Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis, who in the 656BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 metres (23 feet and 1.7 inches).[3]

There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump. The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos (Miller, 68).

The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a standardized track and field event for women.[4] However, it was not until 1928 that the women's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme.

Records

The long jump is notable for several of the longest-standing world records in any track and field event. In 1935, Jesse Owens set a long jump world record of 8.13m (26 feet, 8 inches) that was not broken for 25 years, until 1960 by Ralph Boston. In 1968, Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 metres (29 feet, 2½ inches) at the 1968 Summer Olympics at an altitude of 7,349 feet (2,240 m), a jump not exceeded for a further 23 years, in 1991. On August 30 of that year, Mike Powell of the United States, in a well-known show down against Carl Lewis, leapt 8.95 m (29.4 ft) at the World Championships in Tokyo, setting the current men's world record which has now stood for over 20 years.
Some jumps over 8.95 m (29.4 ft) have been officially recorded (8.99 m/29.5 ft by Mike Powell himself (wind-aided +4.4) set at high altitude in Sestriere, Italy in 1992, 8.96 m/29.4 ft by Iván Pedroso),[5] but were not validated since there was either no reliable wind speed measurement available, or because wind speed exceeded 2.0 m/s. Lewis himself jumped 8.91m moments before Powell's record-breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed; this jump remains the longest never to win Olympic or World Championship gold. The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt 7.53 m (24.7 ft) in Leningrad in 1988.

Technique

There are four main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff and action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints. A classic example of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by Carl Lewis.

The approach

The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The most important factor for the distance traveled by an object is its velocity at takeoff - both the speed and angle. Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less; therefore, it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump. The greater the speed at takeoff, the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be. The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event.

The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels, while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides. The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level. Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot.

Inconsistent approaches are a common problem in the event. As a result the approach is usually practiced by athletes about 6-8 times per jumping session (see Training below).

The last two strides

The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible.

The penultimate (second to last) stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.

The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump; the greater the velocity, the better the jump.

Takeoff

The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control.

This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground, because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump. Taking off from the board heel-first has a braking effect, which decreases velocity and strains the joints. Jumping off the toes decreases stability, putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper. While concentrating on foot placement, the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position, keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release.

There are four main styles of takeoff: the kick style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and the power sprint or bounding takeoff.

Kick

The kick style takeoff is a style of takeoff where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the hamstrings.This causes the jumper to jump to large distances

Double-arm

The double-arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off. This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse.

Sprint

The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff. This is a classic single-arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride. It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff.

Power sprint or bounding

The power sprint takeoff, or bounding takeoff, is arguably one of the most effective styles. Very similar to the sprint style, the body resembles a sprinter in full stride. However, there is one major difference. The arm that pushes back on takeoff (the arm on the side of the takeoff leg) fully extends backward, rather than remaining at a bent position. This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff.

The "correct" style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete

Action in the air and landing

There are three major flight techniques for the long jump: the hang, the sail, and the hitch-kick. Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take-off but is basically down to preference from the athlete. It is important to note that once the body is airborne, there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are travelling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit. However, it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete's landing, which can have an impact on distance measured. For example, if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced, a lower distance will be measured.

Training

The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, those listed below.

Jumping

Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1-2 times a week. Approaches, or run-throughs, are repeated sometimes up to 6-8 times per session.

Over-distance running

Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal. For example, having a 100m runner practice by running 200m repeats on a track. This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance. Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1-2 times a week. This is great for building sprint endurance, which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3-6 times.

Weight training

During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport. It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week, focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk. Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training. Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame.

Plyometrics

Plyometrics, including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding, can be incorporated into workouts, generally twice a week. This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness.

Bounding

Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping. Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding, double-leg bounding, or some variation of the two. The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend less time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy, fluidity, and jumping endurance and strength. Technically, bounding is part of plyometrics, as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks.

Flexibility

Flexibility is an often forgotten tool for long jumpers. Effective flexibility prevents injury, which can be important for high impact events such as the long jump. It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway.

A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping. This lets the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world class jumpers.

Training styles, duration, and intensity varies immensely from athlete to athlete and is based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style.

World record progression

Men

The first world record in the men's long jump was recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1912.[6] The inaugural record was Peter O'Connor's 7.61 m leap from 1901. To date O'Connor, Jesse Owens, Bob Beamon and Mike Powell have each held the world record for over 20 years. In that same time, there has been barely 20 years when one of those four men have not held the world record. Note: the current women's world record is three years older than the current men's world record.

As of June 21, 2011, 18 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.[6]

Mark Wind Athlete Venue Date
7.61 m (24 ft 11 58 in)  Peter O'Connor (IRL)* Dublin 1901-08-05[6]
7.69 m (25 ft 2 34 in)  Edward Gourdin (USA) Cambridge 1923-07-23[6]
7.76 m (25 ft 5 12 in)  Robert LeGendre (USA) Paris 1924-07-07[6]
7.89 m (25 ft 10 58 in)  DeHart Hubbard (USA) Chicago 1925-06-13[6]
7.90 m (25 ft 11 in)  Edward Hamm (USA) Cambridge 1928-07-07[6]
7.93 m (26 ft 316 in) 0.0 m/s  Sylvio Cator (HAI) Paris 1928-09-09[6]
7.98 m (26 ft 2 316 in) 0.5 m/s  Chuhei Nambu (JPN) Tokyo 1931-10-27[6]
8.13 m (26 ft 8 116 in) 1.5 m/s  Jesse Owens (USA) Ann Arbor 1935-05-25[6]
8.21 m (26 ft 11 14 in) 0.0 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Walnut 1960-08-12[6]
8.24 m (27 ft 716 in) 1.8 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Modesto 1961-05-27[6]
8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) 1.2 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Moscow 1961-07-16[6]
8.31 m (27 ft 3 316 in) -0.1 m/s  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Yerevan 1962-06-10[6]
8.31 m (27 ft 3 316 in) 0.0 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Kingston 1964-08-15[6]
8.34 m (27 ft 4 38 in) 1.0 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Los Angeles 1964-09-12[6]
8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in) 0.0 m/s  Ralph Boston (USA) Modesto 1965-05-29[6]
8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in) 0.0 m/s  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Mexico City 1967-10-19[6]
8.90 m (29 ft 2 38 in) 2.0 m/s  Bob Beamon (USA) Mexico City 1968-10-18[6]
8.95 m (29 ft 4 38 in) 0.3 m/s  Mike Powell (USA) Tokyo 1991-08-30[6]

*Ireland in 1901 was still part of the United Kingdom; however O'Connor considered himself Irish and was competing on this occasion as a member of the Irish Amateur Athletic Association. In the source above he is listed as "GBI/IRL".

Women

The first world record in the women's long jump was recognized by the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) in 1922.[9] The FSFI was absorbed by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1936.

As of June 21, 2011, the IAAF (and the FSFI before it) have ratified 36 world records in the event.[9]

Mark Wind Athlete Venue Date
5.16 m (16 ft 11 18 in)  Marie Mejzlikova II (TCH) Prague 1922-08-06[9]
5.30 m (17 ft 4 1116 in)  Marie Mejzlikova II (TCH) Prague 1923-09-23[9]
5.485 m (17 ft 11 1516 in)  Muriel Gunn (GBR) London 1926-08-02[9]
5.50 m (18 ft 916 in)  Kinue Hitomi (JPN) Gothenburg 1926-08-28[9]
5.575 m (18 ft 3 12 in)  Muriel Gunn (GBR) London 1927-08-01[9]
5.98 m (19 ft 7 716 in)  Kinue Hitomi (JPN) Osaka 1928-05-20[9]
6.12 m (20 ft 1516 in)  Christel Schultz (Germany) Berlin 1939-07-30[9]
6.25 m (20 ft 6 116 in)  Francina Blankers-Koen (NED) Leiden 1943-09-19[9]
6.28 m (20 ft 7 14 in) 0.2 m/s  Yvette Williams (NZL) Gisborne 1954-02-20[9]
6.28 m (20 ft 7 14 in) 1.3 m/s  Galina Vinogradova (URS) Moscow 1955-09-11[9]
6.31 m (20 ft 8 716 in) 0.5 m/s  Galina Vinogradova (URS) Tbilisi 1955-11-18[9]
6.35 m (20 ft 10 in) 1.0 m/s  Elżbieta Krzesińska (POL) Budapest 1956-08-20[9]
6.35 m (20 ft 10 in)  Elżbieta Krzesińska (POL) Melbourne 1956-11-27[9]
6.40 m (20 ft 11 1516 in) 0.0 m/s  Hildrun Claus (GDR) Erfurt 1960-08-07[9]
6.42 m (21 ft 34 in) 1.4 m/s  Hildrun Claus (GDR) Berlin 1961-06-23[9]
6.48 m (21 ft 3 18 in) -1.5 m/s  Tatyana Shchelkanova (URS) Moscow 1961-07-16[9]
6.53 m (21 ft 5 116 in) 1.5 m/s  Tatyana Shchelkanova (URS) Leipzig 1962-06-10[9]
6.70 m (21 ft 11 34 in)  Tatyana Shchelkanova (URS) Moscow 1964-07-04[9]
6.76 m (22 ft 2 18 in) -1.6 m/s  Mary Rand (GBR) Tokyo 1964-10-14[9]
6.82 m (22 ft 4 12 in) 0.0 m/s  Viorica Viscopoleanu (ROU) Mexico City 1968-10-14[9]
6.84 m (22 ft 5 516 in) 0.0 m/s  Heide Rosendahl (FRG) Turin 1970-09-03[9]
6.92 m (22 ft 8 716 in) 1.6 m/s  Angela Voigt (GDR) Dresden 1976-05-09[9]
6.99 m (22 ft 11 316 in) 2.0 m/s  Siegrun Siegl (GDR) Dresden 1976-07-19[9]
7.07 m (23 ft 2 38 in) 1.9 m/s  Vilma Bardauskienė (URS) Kishinyov 1978-08-18[9]
7.09 m (23 ft 3 18 in) 0.0 m/s  Vilma Bardauskienė (URS) Prague 1978-08-29[9]
7.15 m (23 ft 5 12 in) 0.3 m/s  Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU) Bucharest 1982-08-01[9]
7.20 m (23 ft 7 716 in) -0.3 m/s  Valy Ionescu (ROU) Bucharest 1982-08-01[9]
7.21 m (23 ft 7 78 in) 0.6 m/s  Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU) Bucharest 1983-05-15[9]
7.27 m (23 ft 10 14 in) 0.6 m/s  Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU) Bucharest 1983-06-04[9]
7.43 m (24 ft 4 12 in) 1.4 m/s  Anişoara Cuşmir (ROU) Bucharest 1983-06-04[9]
7.44 m (24 ft 4 1516 in) 2.0 m/s  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Berlin 1985-09-22[9]
7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in) 0.9 m/s  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Tallinn 1986-06-21[9]
7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in) 1.1 m/s  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Dresden 1986-07-03[9]
7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in) 0.6 m/s  Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) Dresden 1987-08-13[9]
7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in) 1.0 m/s  Galina Chistyakova (URS) Leningrad 1988-06-11[9]
7.52 m (24 ft 8 116 in) 1.4 m/s  Galina Chistyakova (URS) Leningrad 1988-06-11[9]

Source:[10]

Top ten performers

Accurate as of September 2, 2009.

Men

Mark* Wind** Athlete Nationality Venue Date
8.95 m (29 ft 4 38 in) 0.3 Mike Powell  United States Tokyo August 30, 1991
8.90 m (29 ft 2 38 in)A 2.0 Bob Beamon  United States Mexico City October 18, 1968
8.87 m (29 ft 1 316 in) -0.2 Carl Lewis  United States Tokyo August 30, 1991
8.86 m (29 ft 1316 in)A 1.9 Robert Emmiyan  Soviet Union Tsakhkadzor May 22, 1987
8.74 m (28 ft 8 18 in) 1.4 Larry Myricks  United States Indianapolis July 18, 1988
8.74 m (28 ft 8 18 in)A 2.0 Erick Walder  United States El Paso April 2, 1994
8.74 m (28 ft 8 18 in) -1.2 Dwight Phillips  United States Eugene June 7, 2009
8.73 m (28 ft 7 1116 in) 1.2 Irving Saladino  Panama Hengelo May 24, 2008
8.71 m (28 ft 6 1516 in) 1.9 Iván Pedroso  Cuba Salamanca July 18, 1995
8.66 m (28 ft 4 1516 in) 1.6 Loúis Tsátoumas  Greece Kalamáta June 2, 2007

*(meters), **(metres/second)

A = Altitude (above 1000 metres)
Source:[11]

Women

Mark* Wind** Athlete Nationality Venue Date
7.52 m (24 ft 8 116 in) 1.4 Galina Chistyakova  Soviet Union Leningrad June 11, 1988
7.49 m (24 ft 6 78 in) 1.3 Jackie Joyner-Kersee  United States New York May 22, 1994
7.48 m (24 ft 6 12 in) 1.2 Heike Drechsler  East Germany Neubrandenburg July 9, 1988
7.43 m (24 ft 4 12 in) 1.4 Anişoara Cuşmir  Romania Bucharest June 4, 1983
7.42 m (24 ft 4 18 in) 2.0 Tatyana Kotova  Russia Annecy June 23, 2002
7.39 m (24 ft 2 1516 in) 0.5 Yelena Belevskaya  Soviet Union Bryansk July 18, 1987
7.37 m (24 ft 2 316 in) N/A Inessa Kravets  Ukraine Kiev June 13, 1992
7.33 m (24 ft 916 in) 0.4 Tatyana Lebedeva  Russia Tula July 31, 2004
7.31 m (23 ft 11 1316 in) 1.5 Olena Khlopotnova  Soviet Union Alma Ata September 12, 1985
7.31 m (23 ft 11 1316 in) -0.1 Marion Jones  United States Zürich August 12, 1998

*(meters), **(meters/second)
Source:[12]

Best Year Performance

Men's Seasons Best (Outdoor)

Year Distance Athlete Place
1960 8.21 m (26 ft 11 14 in)  Ralph Boston (USA) Walnut
1961 8.28 m (27 ft 2 in)  Ralph Boston (USA) Moscow
1962 8.31 m (27 ft 3 316 in)  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Yerevan
1963 8.20 m (26 ft 10 1316 in)  Ralph Boston (USA) Modesto
1964 8.34 m (27 ft 4 38 in)  Ralph Boston (USA) Los Angeles
1965 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in)  Ralph Boston (USA) Modesto
1966 8.23 m (27 ft 0 in)  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Leselidze
1967 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in)  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS) Mexico City
1968 8.90 m (29 ft 2 38 in)  Bob Beamon (USA) Mexico City
1969 8.21 m (26 ft 11 14 in)  Igor Ter-Ovanesyan (URS)
 Waldemar Stępień (POL)
Odessa
Chorzów
1970 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in)  Josef Schwarz (FRG) Stuttgart
1971 8.21 m (26 ft 11 14 in)  Norman Tate (USA) El Paso
1972 8.23 m (27 ft 0 in)  Randy Williams (USA) Munich
1973 8.24 m (27 ft 716 in)  James McAlister (USA) Westwood
1974 8.30 m (27 ft 2 34 in)  Arnie Robinson (USA) Modesto
1975 8.45 m (27 ft 8 1116 in)  Nenad Stekić (YUG) Montreal
1976 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in)  Arnie Robinson (USA) Montreal
1977 8.27 m (27 ft 1 916 in)  Nenad Stekić (YUG) Nova Gorica
1978 8.32 m (27 ft 3 916 in)  Nenad Stekić (YUG) Rovereto
1979 8.52 m (27 ft 11 716 in)  Larry Myricks (USA) Montreal
1980 8.54 m (28 ft 14 in)  Lutz Dombrowski (GDR) Moscow
1981 8.62 m (28 ft 3 38 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Sacramento
1982 8.76 m (28 ft 8 78 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Indianapolis
1983 8.79 m (28 ft 10 116 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Indianapolis
1984 8.71 m (28 ft 6 1516 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Westwood
1985 8.62 m (28 ft 3 38 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Brussels
1986 8.61 m (28 ft 3 in)  Robert Emmiyan (URS) Moscow
1987 8.86 m (29 ft 1316 in)  Robert Emmiyan (URS) Tsakhkadzor
1988 8.76 m (28 ft 8 78 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Indianapolis
1989 8.70 m (28 ft 6 12 in)  Larry Myricks (USA) Houston
1990 8.66 m (28 ft 4 1516 in)  Mike Powell (USA) Villeneuve d'Ascq
1991 8.95 m (29 ft 4 38 in)  Mike Powell (USA) Tokyo
1992 8.68 m (28 ft 5 34 in)  Carl Lewis (USA) Barcelona
1993 8.70 m (28 ft 6 12 in)  Mike Powell (USA) Salamanca
1994 8.74 m (28 ft 8 18 in)  Erick Walder (USA) El Paso
1995 8.71 m (28 ft 6 1516 in)  Iván Pedroso (CUB) Salamanca
1996 8.58 m (28 ft 1 1316 in)  Erick Walder (USA) Springfield
1997 8.63 m (28 ft 3 34 in)  Iván Pedroso (CUB) Padua
1998 8.60 m (28 ft 2 916 in)  James Beckford (JAM) Bad Langensalza
1999 8.60 m (28 ft 2 916 in)  Iván Pedroso (CUB) Padua
2000 8.65 m (28 ft 4 916 in)  Iván Pedroso (CUB) Jena
2001 8.41 m (27 ft 7 18 in)  James Beckford (JAM) Turin
2002 8.52 m (27 ft 11 716 in)  Savanté Stringfellow (USA) Palo Alto
2003 8.53 m (27 ft 11 1316 in)  Yago Lamela (ESP) Castellón de la Plana
2004 8.60 m (28 ft 2 916 in)  Dwight Phillips (USA) Linz
2005 8.60 m (28 ft 2 916 in)  Dwight Phillips (USA) Helsinki
2006 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in)  Irving Saladino (PAN) Rio de Janeiro
2007 8.66 m (28 ft 4 1516 in)  Louis Tsatoumas (GRE) Kalamáta
2008 8.73 m (28 ft 7 1116 in)  Irving Saladino (PAN) Hengelo
2009 8.74 m (28 ft 8 18 in)  Dwight Phillips (USA) Eugene
2010 8.47 m (27 ft 9 716 in)  Christian Reif (GER) Barcelona

Women's Seasons Best (Outdoor)

Year Distance Athlete Place
1976 6.99 m (22 ft 11 316 in)  Siegrun Siegl (GDR) Dresden
1978 7.09 m (23 ft 3 18 in)  Vilma Bardauskienė (URS) Prague
1979 6.90 m (22 ft 7 58 in)  Brigitte Wujak (GDR) Potsdam
1980 7.06 m (23 ft 1 1516 in)  Tatyana Kolpakova (URS) Moscow
1981 6.96 m (22 ft 10 in)  Jodi Anderson (USA) Colorado Springs
1982 7.20 m (23 ft 7 716 in)  Valy Ionescu (ROU) Bucharest
1983 7.43 m (24 ft 4 12 in)  Anisoara Cusmir (ROU) Bucharest
1984 7.40 m (24 ft 3 516 in)  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Dresden
1985 7.44 m (24 ft 4 1516 in)  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Berlin
1986 7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in)  Heike Drechsler (GDR) Tallinn
1987 7.45 m (24 ft 5 516 in)  Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) Indianapolis
1988 7.52 m (24 ft 8 116 in)  Galina Chistyakova (URS) Leningrad
1989 7.24 m (23 ft 9 116 in)  Galina Chistyakova (URS) Volgograd
1990 7.35 m (24 ft 1 38 in)  Galina Chistyakova (URS) Bratislava
1991 7.37 m (24 ft 2 316 in)  Heike Drechsler (GER) Sestriere
1992 7.48 m (24 ft 6 12 in)  Heike Drechsler (GER) Lausanne
1993 7.21 m (23 ft 7 78 in)  Heike Drechsler (GER) Zürich
1994 7.49 m (24 ft 6 78 in)  Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) New York City
1995 7.07 m (23 ft 2 38 in)  Heike Drechsler (GER) Linz
1996 7.12 m (23 ft 4 516 in)  Chioma Ajunwa (NGA) Atlanta
1997 7.05 m (23 ft 1 916 in)  Lyudmila Galkina (RUS) Athens
1998 7.31 m (23 ft 11 1316 in)  Marion Jones (USA) Eugene
1999 7.26 m (23 ft 9 1316 in)  Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA) Bogotá
2000 7.09 m (23 ft 3 18 in)  Fiona May (ITA) Rio de Janeiro
2001 7.12 m (23 ft 4 516 in)  Tatyana Kotova (RUS) Turin
2002 7.42 m (24 ft 4 18 in)  Tatyana Kotova (RUS) Annecy
2003 7.06 m (23 ft 1 1516 in)  Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA) Milan
2004 7.33 m (24 ft 916 in)  Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) Tula
2005 7.04 m (23 ft 1 316 in)  Irina Simagina (RUS) Sochi
2006 7.12 m (23 ft 4 516 in)  Tatyana Kotova (RUS) Novosibirsk
2007 7.21 m (23 ft 7 78 in)  Lyudmila Kolchanova (RUS) Sochi
2008 7.12 m (23 ft 4 516 in)  Naide Gomes (POR) Monaco
2009 7.10 m (23 ft 3 12 in)  Brittney Reese (USA) Berlin
2010 7.13 m (23 ft 4 1116 in)  Olga Kucherenko (RUS) Sochi

National records

Men

Nation Distance Athlete Venue Date
 USA 8.95 m (29 ft 4 38 in) Mike Powell Tokyo 1991-08-30
 URS/
 ARM
8.86 m (29 ft 1316 in) Robert Emmiyan Tsakhkadzor 1987-05-22
 PAN 8.73 m (28 ft 7 1116 in) Irving Saladino Hengelo 2008-05-24
 CUB 8.71 m (28 ft 6 1516 in) Iván Pedroso Salamanca 1995-07-18
 GRE 8.66 m (28 ft 4 1516 in) Louis Tsatoumas Kalamata 2007-06-02
 JAM 8.62 m (28 ft 3 38 in) James Beckford Orlando 1997-04-05
 ESP 8.56 m (28 ft 1 in) Yago Lamela Turin 1999-06-24
 GER 8.54 m (28 ft 14 in) Lutz Dombrowski Moscow 1980-07-28
 AUS 8.54 m (28 ft 14 in) Mitchell Watt Stockholm 2010-07-29
 RSA 8.50 m (27 ft 10 58 in) Godfrey Mokoena Madrid 2009-07-04
 KSA 8.48 m (27 ft 9 78 in) Mohamed Salman Al-Khuwalidi Sotteville 2006-07-02
 ITA 8.47 m (27 ft 9 716 in) Andrew Howe Osaka 2007-08-30
 RUS 8.46 m (27 ft 9 116 in) Leonid Voloshin Tallinn 1988-07-05
 SEN 8.46 m (27 ft 9 116 in) Cheikh Tidiane Touré Bad Langensalza 1997-06-15
 YUG 8.45 m (27 ft 8 1116 in) Nenad Stekić Montreal 1975-07-25
 GHA 8.43 m (27 ft 7 78 in) Ignisious Gaisah Rome 2006-07-14
 FRA 8.42 m (27 ft 7 12 in) Salim Sdiri Pierre-Bénite 2009-06-12
 BAH 8.41 m (27 ft 7 18 in) Craig Hepburn Nassau 1993-06-17
 BRA 8.40 m (27 ft 6 1116 in) Douglas de Souza Sao Paulo 1995-02-15
 SLO 8.40 m (27 ft 6 1116 in) Gregor Cankar Celje 1997-05-18
 CHN 8.40 m (27 ft 6 1116 in) Lao Jianfeng Zhaoqing 1997-05-28
 MAR 8.40 m (27 ft 6 1116 in) Yahya Berrabah Beyrouth 2009-10-02
 ROU 8.37 m (27 ft 5 12 in) Bogdan Tudor Bad Cannstatt 1995-07-09
 POR 8.36 m (27 ft 5 18 in) Carlos Calado Lisboa 1997-06-20
 UKR 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in) Sergey Layevskiy Dnepropetrovsk 1988-07-16
Roman Shchurenko Kiev 2000-07-25
 GBR 8.35 m (27 ft 4 34 in) Christopher Tomlinson Paris 2011-07-08
 TWN 8.34 m (27 ft 4 38 in) Nai Huei-Fang Shanghai 1993-05-14
 VEN 8.34 m (27 ft 4 38 in) Victor Castillo Cochabamba 2004-05-30
 BUL 8.33 m (27 ft 3 1516 in) Ivaylo Mladenov Seville 1995-06-03
 BLR 8.33 m (27 ft 3 1516 in) Aleksandr Glovatskiy Sestriere 1996-08-07
 EGY 8.31 m (27 ft 3 316 in) Hassine Hatem Moursal Oslo 1999-06-30
 HUN 8.30 m (27 ft 2 34 in) László Szalma Budapest 1985-07-07
 AUT 8.30 m (27 ft 2 34 in) Andreas Steiner Innsbruck 1988-06-04
 ZIM 8.30 m (27 ft 2 34 in) Ngonidzashe Makusha Des Moines 2008-06-12
 MRI 8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) Jonathan Chimier Athens August 2004
 POL 8.28 m (27 ft 2 in) Grzegorz Marciniszyn Mals 2001-07-14
 NGR 8.27 m (27 ft 1 916 in) Yussuf Alli Lagos 1989-08-08
 BOT 8.27 m (27 ft 1 916 in) Gable Garenamotse Rhede 2006-08-20
 ALG 8.26 m (27 ft 1 316 in) Issam Nima Zaragoza 2007-07-28
 CZE 8.25 m (27 ft 1316 in) Milan Mikuláš Prague 1988-07-16
 MDA 8.25 m (27 ft 1316 in) Sergey Podgainiy Kishinyov 1990-08-18
 JPN 8.25 m (27 ft 1316 in) Masaki Morinaga[13] Shizuoka 1992-05-05
 BEL 8.25 m (27 ft 1316 in) Erik Nys Hechtel 1996-07-06
 DEN 8.25 m (27 ft 1316 in) Morten Jensen Göteborg 2005-07-03
 NAM 8.24 m (27 ft 716 in) Stephan Louw Germiston 2008-01-12
 CRO 8.23 m (27 ft 0 in) Siniša Ergotić Zagreb 2002-06-05
 BER 8.22 m (26 ft 11 58 in) Tyrone Smith Mayagüez 2010-07-26
 FIN 8.22 m (26 ft 11 58 in) Tommi Evilä Göteborg 2008-06-28
 SWE 8.21 m (26 ft 11 14 in) Mattias Sunneborn Malmö 1996-06-27
 KOR 8.20 m (26 ft 10 1316 in) Kim Deok Hyeon Beograd 2009-07-12
 NED 8.19 m (26 ft 10 716 in) Emiel Mellaard Groningen 1988-07
 KAZ 8.16 m (26 ft 9 14 in) Sergey Vasilenko Alma Ata 1988-06-18
 QAT 8.13 m (26 ft 8 116 in) Abdulrahman Faraj Al-Nubi Manila 2003-09-21
 EST 8.10 m (26 ft 6 78 in) Erki Nool Götzis 1995-05-27
 PER 8.10 m (26 ft 6 78 in) Jorge McFarlane Sucre 2009-11-23
 UZB 8.10 m (26 ft 6 78 in) Aleksandr Pototskiy Bryansk 1992-06-04
 IND 8.08 m (26 ft 6 18 in) Amrit Pal Singh New Delhi 2004-03-15
 TUR 8.08 m (26 ft 6 18 in) Mesut Yavaş İstanbul 2000-06-24
 NZL 8.05 m (26 ft 4 1516 in) Bob Thomas Whangarei 1968-01-20
 LAT 8.05 m (26 ft 4 1516 in) Juris Tone Moscow 1983-06-21
 THA 8.04 m (26 ft 4 916 in) Supanara Sukhasvasti Banglore 2010-06-05
 PHI 7.99 m (26 ft 2 916 in) Henry Dagmil Eagle Rock 2008-06-07
 ISR 7.99 m (26 ft 2 916 in) Yochai Halevi Tel Aviv 2010-05-15
 VIE 7.90 m (25 ft 11 in) Nguyen Ngoc Quan Hanoi 1997-05-02
 MAS 7.88 m (25 ft 10 14 in) Josbert Tinus Bangkok 2007-10-05
 INA 7.85 m (25 ft 9 116 in) Agus Reza Irawan Jakarta 1995-09-21
 UAE 7.79 m (25 ft 6 1116 in) Mousbeh Ali Said Latakia 1992-09-06
 SIN 7.62 m (25 ft 0 in) Matthew Goh Yujie Vientiane 2009-12-05
 BHR 7.47 m (24 ft 6 18 in) Mohamed Imam Bakhash Manama 2003-10-16
 LAO 7.20 m (23 ft 7 716 in) Phouphet Singbandith Norwalk 1990-05-07
 AFG 7.05 m (23 ft 1 916 in) Mohammed Anwar Kabul 1940
 BRU 7.04 m (23 ft 1 316 in) Daniel Chung Kota Kinabalu 1993-08-07
 JEY 6.89 m (22 ft 7 14 in) Ross Jeffs Guernsey 2011-06-11

Long jump on coinage

Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground, while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump, as he is seen on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.

References

  1. ^ "USATF – 2006 Competition Rules". USA Track & Field. http://www.usatf.com/about/rules/2006/. Retrieved 2006-10-29. 
  2. ^ a b c Swaddling, Judith. The Ancient Olympic Games. University of Texas Pres. ISBN 0-292-77751-5. 
  3. ^ "Ancient Origins". The Times/The Sunday Times. http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/communities/athletics/athleticsancient.html. Retrieved 2006-10-29. 
  4. ^ Tricard, Louise Mead (1996-07-01). American Women's Track & Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980. McFarland & Company. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-7864-0219-9. 
  5. ^ http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=LJ/detail.html
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "IAAF World Championships: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Daegu 2011." (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2011. pp. Pages 595, 605. http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/06/10/33/61033_PDF_English.pdf. Retrieved October 18, 2011. 
  7. ^ Marty Post (25 August 2011). "After 51 years, Owens' longevity record finally falls". IAAF. http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=61231.html. Retrieved 25 August 2011. 
  8. ^ Ian Thomsen (4 August 1995). "Long Jump Record Unlikely to Be Ratified". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/04/sports/04iht-track.t_1.html. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "IAAF World Championships: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Daegu 2011." (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2011. pp. Pages 595, 700. http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/06/10/33/61033_PDF_English.pdf. Retrieved October 18, 2011. 
  10. ^ The Athletics Site: world record progression
  11. ^ Long Jump All Time Men iaaf.org
  12. ^ Long Jump All Time Women iaaf.org
  13. ^ National Records JAAF

External links

See also